Ethique du conséquentialisme, éthique de la vertu, industrie florale, consequentialism ethic, ethic of virtue, flowers industry, supply chain, Fair Flowers Fair Plants, sustainability, social responsibility of business
Consequentialism ethic and ethic of virtue relative to the flowers industry (titre original)
First of all "a consequentialist [doesn't define if an] act is right or wrong in itself because the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by its outcome. Utilitarianism (the most popular form of consequentialism) defines moral conduct as that which promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest number."(Dragunoiu, 2007)
Retailers can use the consequentialist ethic for different reasons. According to Peter Moran, CEO Society of American Florists Alexandria (2001), "Despite the article's ["Fleurs du Mal," Niala Maharaj and Donovan Hohn, 2001] claims to the contrary, people who work on flower farms in Colombia benefit from stable jobs, above-average pay, and extended benefits, according to the International Labour Organization. Workers earn one and a half times the minimum-wage requirements and receive such benefits as medical and dental assistance, pensions, child care, and transportation services." Retailers base their support on the fact that there is a positive consequence of trading flowers from poor countries such as Colombia, Kenya, Malta, Caribbean or Israel (See Appendix 1). Moreover Moran claims that retailers are trading only with countries who have "clear and stringent legislation on agro-chemical products and has made enormous efforts to promote safe practices in the handling and application of pesticides" that is to say Fairtrade flowers." Fair Flowers Fair Plants (FFP) is a new initiative to stimulate the production and sales of flowers and plants cultivated in a sustainable manner. Sustainably has been defined by Gibson in 2005. "Sustainability must attempt integrated consideration of the relevant social, economic and ecological factors in order to improve the odds of continued human survical on this planet".More precisely, "it is a matter of how to ensure viable and fulfilling livehoods over the long haul from one generation to the next. Essentially, the same concerns apply to communities everywhere, since the basic challenges of sustainability face all of them." By providing flowers which have been cultivated in a sustainable manner and that are out of season, they are developing and helping poor countries' economies to grow and the people to work, which is consequentialism ethic.
"Recent research shows that flowers flown from Africa can use less energy overall than those produced in Europe because they're not grown in heated greenhouses" (Seager, 2007). "Mr Muchemi said Kenya provided 31% of Europe's cut flowers, directly employing 500,000 people and another million through auxiliary services." "Air-freighted fresh flowers, fruit and vegetables from the whole of sub-Saharan Africa accounted for less than 0.1% of total UK carbon emissions, he said. Moreover, while the average Briton emits 9.3 tonnes of carbon a year, the average Kenyan is responsible for 0.2 tonnes." Those researches shows that according to retailers their support to the supply chain to provide fright flowers can also be consequentialist ethic because it is not what is causing the more damage to the environment and because they are still respecting the international environment systems and standards (ISO 14001).
[...] Moral obligation derives from reason and not from God, humans, or communities. Since Kant, philosophers have focused on either an ethics of duty (action, principles, and laws) or an ethics of virtue (being, character, and ideals)”. (Cloonan, 2007) Ethical virtue is different of consequentialism ethics because it studies people action, behaviour or character and not consequences of its action. It is nominative which means that theories supposed to guide, govern or prescribe human behaviour in order that such behaviour become or so that it can approximate the norm”. [...]
[...] journal] http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?risb=21_T 3567770770&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T356 7770773&cisb=22_T3567770772&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=140610&docNo=1 [Accessed 21st April 2008] Dragunoiu, D Neo's Kantian choice: The Matrix Reloaded and the limits of the posthuman; Immanuel Kant; Essay. Mosaic: a Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. [E-journal] http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?risb=21_T 3559317948&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T355 9317951&cisb=22_T3559317950&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=140610&docNo= [Accessed 20th April 2008] Gibson, Robert B Sustainability Assessment.[E-book] London, GBR: Earthscan Publications Limited, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/staffordshire/Doc?id=10128888&ppg=11 [Accessed 18 April 2008] Hooker Rule-Consequentialism. The Blackwell guide to Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, Blackwell publishing, pp 183-204 Lucas business ethics: Perspectives on the Practice of Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press Moran, P Letters to the editor: Floral Derangement. Harper's magazine. [...]
[...] Thus this virtue helps people to make the decision not to purchase flowers that out of season. The virtue of intelligence can also be use in this situation because without any intelligence, people can't judge of the consequencialism of their action. Thanks to their intelligence and their instructions, consumers groups are the one who are really changing things and make them evolving (Vardy, Grosch, 1999). Chiriboga is a great example to show what a decent and honest person would do if he wants to be ethical. [...]
[...] journal]http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/search/newssubmitForm.do [Accessed 8th April 2008] Seager, A Air-freight flowers greener than Dutch hothouses, say Kenyans: British government backs Africans in food miles row European emissions dwarf those from poor countries. The Guardian (London). [E-journal]. http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?risb=21_T 3461340175&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T346 1340178&cisb=22_T3461340177&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=138620&docNo= [Accessed 8th April 2008] Stuart, A Flower confidential pp. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill Stewart, A In Depth: Budding Movement. [E-book] http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/history/recentdocview.do?listId=1731 09756&lni=4RTM-36P0-TXF2- 70XW&attachmentId=&attachmentType=&sourceId=299488&attachmentNum=&attac hmentSMI=&displayType=&savedLocale=en_GB_ukBusiness&projectId=&returnTo =20_T3550986529&publicationDate=&docTitle=In+Depth:+Budding+Movement+(B y+A . &start=1&documentType= [Accessed 17th April 2008] The Times Shoppers say no to plastic bag levy to tackle climate change. p April Ward, H., Smith, C Corporate Social Responsibility at a Crossroads: Futures for CSR in the UK to 2015. IIED publication. [...]
[...] These are listed below, together with the main crops they grow. Belgium pot plants Canary Islands chrysanthemums, roses Caribbean tropicals, foliage Chile carnations, roses Colombia standard & spray carnations, roses Denmark pot plants Ecuador carnations, roses Holland all flowers and pot plants India roses Israel roses, gypsophila, waxflower, anigozanthos, all summer flowers Italy carnations, chrysanthemums, foliage, foliage plants Kenya roses, carnations, spray carnations, statice (important for their economy) Malta chrysanthemums, `Paper White' narcissi Morocco spray carnations South Africa proteas, strelitzia, roses, exotics Spain carnations, chrysanthemums Thailand orchids Turkey spray carnations Venezuela carnations, roses The country we import the most cut flowers from is Holland (but these may have come from other countries via their auction house system). [...]
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